Distortions Of Mind Perception On Psychopathology, By Kurt...

Funday Friday #1: Distortions of mind perception in psychopathology â€Å"Distortions of mind perception in psychopathology†, by Kurt Gray, Adrianna C Jenkins, Andra S. Heberlein, and Daniel M. Wegner, is an article that aims to determine how the understanding of distorted mind perception can further the understanding of those with mental illnesses, specifically three disorders that have been connected to abnormal social function. A study revealed that mind perception can occur along dimensions of experience and agency. The purpose of Gray et al.’s research was to explore three subclinical syndromes that are linked to abnormal social function: autism-spectrum disorder, schizotypy and psychopathy in an attempt to find a unique pattern of distorted mind perception for each syndrome. Previous research has discovered that people on the autism spectrum have difficulty understanding the agency portion of mind perception, meaning they have trouble representing other people’s mental states. Contrary to autism, schizotypy involves the over-attribution of mental states, specifically agency, in the area of social cognition. The third syndrome, psychopathy, is characterized as the failure to be aware of experience. This explains the tendency for psychopaths to be insensitive and manipulative. In order to investigate the pattern of distorted mind perception 890 participants were surveyed online. Participants completed a survey that gathered the perceived experience and agency of nine target

Gullivers Travels Where Size Doesnt Matter - 1675 Words

In Jonathan Swift’s Gullivers Travels, satire is ever-present: in plot, character and setting. Dystopia and utopia set the story, with grotesque added to sharpen character facets. The title character narrates the novel, and all actions are told through his point of view. His voyages expose him to extraordinary and absurd circumstances, used as fodder for mockery, and all throughout Gulliver’s travails society is ridiculed, and a bitter light is cast on humanity. Character growth is not spared: in the beginning Gulliver is much one-dimensional, and as he changes, Swift uses his growth as another ancillary conduit to let loose more satirical prowess. In the world as painted by Swift, Dystopia and Utopia are not what they seem: all†¦show more content†¦When in the mood to punish a particular region of the country, the king simply floats his island above it, thus depriving the lands below of rain and sunlight. At the same time the king is oblivious to the real conc erns of his subjects below, as he has never actually been at their physical level. Grotesque also plays a sardonic role in Brobdingnag, where everything takes on higher stages of shortcomings and the truth about objects is determined by the observers point of view - in other words, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. The brightest smile of the most beautiful woman, for example, is imperfect. These imperfections turn out to be more discernible the longer they are looked at. Gulliver explains: Their Skins appeared so coarse and uneven, so variously colored when I saw them near (108). If something seems perfect, that is actually not the case: it simply has not been exposed long enough for the untrained eye to notice all the imperfections. In the case of showing characters through a lens of tyranny and greed, the character element of the novel has the king of Lilliput as a one-dimensional character by portraying him as a covetous and powerful king, boasting with personal pride. By making the kings government use performances like jumping high on a tight rope to fill vacant positions in the government, Swift shows that all of the power at the king’s disposal causes him to care more about personal entertainment than runningShow MoreRelatedGullivers Search for an Identity Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pages Gullivers Travels is a novel that touches on many subjects. One of the lesser points discussed is how Gulliver seems to be searching for acceptance and for his identity on his many journeys. Upon entering any of these strange foreign lands, Gulliver makes it a point to learn the language. This is because knowing the language of a foreign land is a crucial part to your acceptance in that country. Anothe r thing that Gulliver adapts in each of these foreign places is their manner of dress. GreatRead More Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesGenetic Engineering in Agriculture Whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before would deserve better of Mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole race of politicians put together. -The King of Brobdingnag, Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift, 17271 Introduction Genetically engineered foods are the rage of the day for farmers across the world. Farmers are able to grow larger, tastier, moreRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesformulations. Even when they do, it is not unusual for critics and readers to disagree among themselves about the precise nature of the conflict – whether, for example, the protagonist is more in conflict with society than he is with himself – or about where the major crisis, or turning point of the narrative actually occurs. Nor is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the middle of the plot. It can, in fact, occur at any moment. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and in a number of the

Marketing Management for Risks and Benefits - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Management for Risks and Benefits. Answer: Organizational overview Houzit is a homeware stores that is situated in Brisbane that specializes in bedroom, washroom and decorative items as well. The objectives of the organization are to increase their sales in the next few years along with increase in the list of the loyal customers. Furthermore, the objective is to establish proper recognition of brand as this will help in recognizing the company easily in the future. The strategic direction adapted by Houzit is they are entering into fifth year of the operations and planning to manage the different terms of payment (Kim et al. 2014). The current size of the organization is 1000-1500 m2 and the number of employees working is more than 15 working full time and several casual employees as well. The strengths are they have excellent staff members who are highly skilled and it is good retail space in the urban district. They provide high loyalty to the customers as well and offering are huge in nature in terms of range as well as accessibility. The weaknesses are the budget of the marketing is limited and awareness of brand is low as well. There is struggle in the continually funding those customers for the long term repayments (Baker and Saren 2016). The gaps that has been found in the objectives are that proper establishment of the brand recognition has to be done by the respective store not only in Brisbane but also in other countries as this will help them in gaining more popularity. Opportunities The two marketing opportunities are digital marketing and pricing strategies that are penetrative in nature. Evaluation of risks and benefits Digital marketing changes with the changing environment and this can change with huge competition as well. The benefit associated is digital marketing has major types and 100% measurability is the great advantage as well. Penetrative strategies of pricing have risk that the customer may leave the service at any point of time and the products prices are more than competitors. The benefit is maximization of the volume of sales (Wertenbroch 2015). Houzit can emphasize on the demography as while designing the different products and services, it should focus on the lifestyle of the individuals as well as other demographic factors. The customers can stratify their needs buying those products and these are designed based on the life as well (Malhotra 2016). To increase the percentage of sales, Houzit could implement proper marketing mix strategy of 4Ps. This is the strategy that covers the major parts of the business wherein organization must develop and design products aligning to the lifestyle of the individuals. Similarly, in order to increase the share in market Houzit should lower the prices and design products effectively. Proper promotion is essential wherein Houzit needs to pay attention on direct and personal selling. Lastly, Houzit can introduce online marketing as this will help them in attracting customers (Yoo and Bai 2013). The strategies mentioned above are related to the organizational objectives and goals. The strategy of entering into the entire global market is aligned with strategy that will increase the sales volume. Detailed marketing performance Houzit needs to differentiate the products and services from competitors. It will help in promotion of brand store and maximize the visibility of prices. The competitor of Houzit is IKEA but Houzit has its presence in the entire world and it helped in gaining reputation as well (Rafaeli et al. 2017). Figure 2: Life cycle model Metrics for measuring performance of market Brand awareness wherein Houzit needs to pay proper attention on increasing the awareness among customers. Loyalty of customers wherein the company has to provide some tangible and intangible benefits Acquisition of customers wherein in order to increase the sales volume, it is essential to attract more customers towards their services and products Tactics Scheduling for marketing activities Costing is essential in order to increase their business globally, the company requires huge amount of capital Key Performance Indicators as this will help Houzit in accessing the success of the organization in which they operate Legal and ethical requirements The selected tactics will help in both legal as well as ethical aspects of business. For instance- When the organization is properly following the ethics it helps in gaining reputation in the business If the company understands the social value, the customers will be attracted towards it These tactics will help in increasing the sale volumes of the company and expand their business in other areas as well. Tactics fitting within organizational resources The tactics that are mentioned above are quite effective in nature and this will help in attaining proper objectives in the organization as well. With limited budgets, the organization needs to emphasize on the objective of increasing the sales. By implementation of digital marketing, the company can target huge range of customers. Conclusion Therefore, it can be inferred that Houzit can face challenges from their competitors and proper strategies has to be implemented in order to maintain competitive position in the entire market. Proper implementation of strategies is essential in order to remain competitive in the entire market. References Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. eds., 2016.Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Kim, K., Hayes, J.L., Avant, J.A. and Reid, L.N., 2014. Trends in advertising research: A longitudinal analysis of leading advertising, marketing, and communication journals, 1980 to 2010.Journal of advertising,43(3), pp.296-316. Malhotra, N.K., 2016.Marketing in and for a Sustainable Society. Emerald Group Publishing. Rafaeli, A., Altman, D., Gremler, D.D., Huang, M.H., Grewal, D., Iyer, B., Parasuraman, A. and de Ruyter, K., 2017. The future of frontline research: Invited commentaries.Journal of Service Research,20(1), pp.91-99. Wertenbroch, K., 2015. From the Editor: An Opportunity for More Relevance from Broadening Behavioral Research in Marketing.Journal of Marketing Behavior,1(1), pp.1-7. Yoo, M. and Bai, B., 2013. Customer loyalty marketing research: A comparative approach between hospitality and business journals.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, pp.166-177.

Othello Essays (935 words) - Othello, Iago, Roderigo, Brabantio

Othello During the Elizabethan times it was uncommon for black people to act out roles in plays. Shakespeare introduces this to his audience in two plays, the first Titus Andromicus and the second Othello. The first black character, Aaron, is portrayed as a secondary villain. Othello on the other hand is of higher status than many of his peers in the play. This was different for Shakespeare to present a minority person with such authority as a main character. Even with such, many different racial slurs were used by supporters to degrade him. In Act I, Scene I, Iago, the villain in this play and at the same time the right hand man of Othello, is screaming to Desdemona's father from the outside of his house "even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe" (Shakespeare 1051). The "thick-lips" (Shakespeare 1050) is mentioned in this play towards Othello but is not the first time Shakespeare uses it. He uses the phrase in Titus Andronicus to describe the biracial child of the Moor, Aaron. Moor is another term frequently used to identify those darker skinned people. (Shakespeare 1052). Brabantio goes as far as accusing Othello of witchcraft. He says that Othello must have used "drugs and minerals" to get Desdemona to marry his "sooty bosom". Iago instigates the characters in this play that do speak foul of Othello. It is quite obvious from the beginning of the story that Iago is betraying Othello. Iago mentions to Roderigo "I am not what I am". The choice of words he used towards Othello does not necessarily mean that he is a racist yet at the same time I do not feel that Othello's Quintana -2- background effects the events in this play. With or without Othello being a Moor the outcome of the play would have worked as well. Name-calling, which is how I describe what Iago was doing throughout the play, is a common way of trying to degrade someone even in today's society. You try to find something in your opponent that distinguishes him from yourself and the people who defend you and you use this to break down their esteem. Iago, out of jealousy, calls Othello names behind his back and still with all this. Iago is very clever in making Othello vulnerable to his word. Iago's manipulation to Othello is never specified to be race related although racial slurs are what he constantly repeats. He simply uses these remarks to mock Othello. This is evidence that leads me to believe that if Shakespeare would not have made Othello of the same race as the rest of the characters the plot of this story would have remained the same and it would have flowed just as well. Shakespeare would just have had to use other non-racial yet discriminating words against Othello. Love and jealousy are the central feelings portrayed in this story, not racism. All Iago wants is to take over the leadership power that Othello has. He enjoys creating chaos as all villains do and will stop at nothing to get what he wants. This demonstrates the evil he has within himself. Iago persuades Roderigo to sell all of his belongings so that there may be a chance between him and Desdemona. (Shakespeare 1065) Two-faced Iago also flourishes Desdemona with his praises. (Shakespeare 1068) is making himself out to be a loyal friend in her eyes everyone is easily influenced by Iago. He has his way with everyone. Neither Roderigo nor Desdemona are different in color Quintana -3- complexion for Iago to deceive them but he does anyway. They are all part of his betrayal. Iago is all for himself. He even goes to the extent of convincing his wife to steal a handkerchief from Desdemona and then made it part of his scheme. There were no limits for him. He took down whomever he had to. Even though Othello was black he was integrated into the Venetian society and was also the states military champion against the Turks, which made his status equal to that of Desdemona's father, Brabantio. Prior to Othello having eloped with Desdemona Brabantio had invited this Moor to his house and held this black man as one of his peers. But even having all of this authority Othello is nonetheless an outsider and he is very much aware of this. Othello tells us this in Act I, Scene III when he mentions his mercenary at a "rented field". Othello's black skin color is less a racial

Executive Policy in the United States

Introduction Plausible policies are important in advancing the economy of any given country. This paper examines the variables that affect social and economic aspects of the United States. By so doing, this paper brings out the salient issues that determine policy formulation. Additionally, the paper brings out the critical importance of the economic and foreign policies adopted by a country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Policy in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Obama administration has shown tremendous grasp on policy strategies tailored towards improving international relationships. I personally agree with the application of the Obama administration’s foreign policies. Moreover, I agree, even though not wholesale, with the kind of economic policies being implemented by the same administration. For example, in ameliorating socio-economic gap, among different classes, wh ich has grown because of recent global recession, the government is doing well but I wish it could do more. I appreciate that the Obama administration has many critics and selfish interests drive majority in their critic. Overall, I believe that Obama is doing a good job especially with the current financial crisis. Obama has shown a clear understanding of major global issues demonstrating a genuine sense of strategic direction. An understanding of what measures the United States ought to be undertaking in social and environmental dilemmas confronting humanity as a whole. Obama has been rightly criticized at his pace on implementation of his very well articulate policies including those on the economy and foreign affairs. Concerning recent global financial crisis the correlation between what has taken effect in the period he has been the president and the rhetoric shows the need to speed up transforming that into action. I believe Obama as the executive to needs to show serious comm itment to ensure their effective implementation. The economic Policy The economic policy by the Obama administration is noble on paper and only workable if there is practical commitment on its implementation. According to the Economist, Obama and his administration are more enshrined on rhetoric than in its implementation. The attack on this policy is not based on using federal money to keep teachers in their jobs, to saving the domestic auto industry, to investing in job creating for the many unemployed youth. Rather, it is based on the moral values and lack of accountability especially to put to account people and institutions responsible for the 2008 financial collapse. Policy makers presume that their constituents benefit, yet collectively they make these policies in an effort to protect their own economic interests. We are poised with the fundamental debate on the size and role of the federal government. While the housing market continues to decline, the dollar weakening in the world market and no creation of any new jobs (The Economist). The response to the recession is based on stimulus, this increase on the government spending. Obama and his administration at large cannot guarantee economic security, an upward mobility, entrepreneurial innovation without enshrining his moral values. Moral standards of conduct have to be put in place to address long-term economic growth.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The recovery plan has to take into account radical economic changes that have take place spanning in the last decade. Starting in 1997 with the multi-national corporate tax deferral on foreign income has resulted in a significant flight of capital. This can be done without necessarily blaming the Bush administration for their inability to fix the communist policies that has driven this economy further into debt. Start with his campaign pledge to renegotiat e for the trade agreement signed into law during the Clinton administration responsible for loss of jobs to foreign countries. The government will have to temporarily nationalize major banks, differentiate good assets from bad ones, and then give back the banks to responsible private ownership (The Economist). To salvage the housing collapse, instead of bribing banks to ease terms, the government should directly refinance mortgages. Foreign Policy Although it seems to be taking time to take shape, the foreign policy so far has been relatively successful in profound ways (Foreign Policy). The focus of the obama administration, when it comes to international affairs, aims at rebranding the U.S as a global facilitator rather than the global domination force. The Obama administration sees the US more as a responsible partner for other nations rather than a savior. The secretary of state Hillary Clinton has continued to re-emphasized on the three pillars of the foreign policy; defense, d iplomacy, and development. Her foreign travels aimed to show a consultative approach.  The Obama administration with new policy approaches has begun to address a number of global commons issues .This is in its involvement in climate change global financial reform, or nuclear non- proliferation. This has continuously made Obama’s administration more popular compared to the Bush administration especially abroad. This approach is intended to ensure a more unified and complete approach to foreign policy. U.S. policy on China was based almost based entirely on economics and human rights related issues (Foreign Policy). Most importantly, this policy looks to rebuild the sense and reality of American military strength through disengaging from apparently intractable situations and focusing on competencies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Executive Policy in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance collective power, the US focuses on calling on allies to take part in security responsibilities. Generally, Obama’s foreign policy has had its share of successes and failures but Obama’s approach based on diplomacy and respect seems to act as a catalyst for mutual growth, development and relationship with allies and other countries globally in comparison with the previous administration. Conclusion This paper looked critically into two crucial policies being implemented by the Obama administration. A lot has been said about the foreign and economic policies formulated and being implemented by the Obama administration. Although both the policies have strong points they also have flaws. However, it is worth noting that there is no given policy that can be said to be perfect. The Obama administration needs to transform its rhetoric into practical reform agenda. The foreign policy has transformed the country from its pariah status under the previous Bush administra tion, restoring the relationship of the Republic in the minds of many governments around the globe especially with his profound new style of leadership. The economic policy, despite challenges related to the global recession, has to be coherent and plausible in an effort to gain practical strategies to achieve a prosperous economy. Works Cited The Economist. American Economic Policy. 2011. Web. The White House. Foreign Policy. 2011 Web. This essay on Executive Policy in the United States was written and submitted by user Deangelo Aguirre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Online learning as a tools into the form of education and training The WritePass Journal

Online learning as a tools into the form of education and training 1.0 Introduction Online learning as a tools into the form of education and training 1.0 Introduction1.1 Definition of Online Learning 1.2   History of Online Learning2.0 Categories of Online Learning2.1 Synchronous Learning 2.2 Asynchronous Learning2.3 Blended Learning3.0 Online Learning is an effective tool in learning  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.1   Useful and comfortable3.2 Meet new and interesting people3.3 Learn to become discipline people3.4 Encourage long-term learning4.0 Online Learning is not an effective tool in learning 4.1 Need additional period on-campus lessons4.2 Lead to lack of interaction4.0 ConclusionReference ListRelated 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Online Learning Online learning is a kind of powerful tools into the form of education and training that lets people to obtain knowledge and assistances through network technologies (Clarke 2008). Online learning usually boils down to learning that maintained by Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Based on the survey in figure (A), 29 respondents identified about online learning that it is a type of learning where people can develop their education through the Internet (Personal Survey 2011). Figure (A) Do you know anything about online learning? 1.2   History of Online Learning During the year of 1800s, learning was transported through the electronic mails. However, in the year of 1990s, most of the learning was transported through CD-ROM, radio, Internet and television (Proctor et.al (ed) 2004). People start to learn through the Internet which is also called as online learning as the technology is improving. 2.0 Categories of Online Learning 2.1 Synchronous Learning Synchronous learning is a kind of learning that people online can interact  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with one another through the videoconferencing and also through the window messenger for chatting (Types of Online Learning n.d). Students not only can have their discussion with their friends or instructors, but also can have their coursework or assignments throughout their studies on the Internet. Students may become more active and motivated in their studies on socialising through the videoconferencing and chatting while they are having discussion (Types of Online Learning n.d). 2.2 Asynchronous Learning Students do not need their instructors to be available beside them at the same time because they can send the messages to their respective instructors through the electronic mails if they have any problems or they need help from their instructors (Clarke 2008). Students may become more convenient when they enable to log on to their learning environment at anywhere for their studies (Types of Online Learning n.d). 2.3 Blended Learning Blended learning is a kind of learning with combination of synchronous and asynchronous learning. Students can complete their coursework or assignments by themselves with the way of blended learning and this will make their thinking skills and experiences increase. Besides that, they can take some useful information from the Internet to do their coursework or assignments instead of attending classes in campuses (Types of Online Learning n.d). 3.0 Online Learning is an effective tool in learning  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure (B) Online Learning is an effective tool in learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Personal Survey 2011) 3.1   Useful and comfortable Online learning is an effective tool in learning which online paths are useful and comfortable. Based on the survey in figure (A), 75% of the respondents approved that online learning is useful (Personal Survey 2011). Students can spend their lecture times to study where they are available on their own timetables. People enable to learn at a comfortable place by their own decision by selecting some venues where they would like to study through online at their houses, cyber cafes and coffee shops such as Old Town White Coffee where they enable to access through the Internet (The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d). 3.2 Meet new and interesting people Online paths help to meet interesting and new people is one of the effective tools in learning. Based on the survey in figure (B), 5% of the respondents approved that online paths help to meet new friends (Personal Survey 2011). Most of the students would feel very shy when they are in their classes or groups to meet up with their new friends. This is the reason that the online paths give an opportunity to everyone gets to know each another through their personal Facebook and Twitter. This is a method of interaction between one another to improve their friendships in their classes or groups (The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d). 3.3 Learn to become discipline people Online paths clarify to be self-disciplined is also one of the effective tools in learning. Based on the survey in figure (B), 8% of the respondents agreed that online courses teach to be self-discipline (Personal Survey 2011). A large numbers of people like to finish their works in the eleventh hours. It is the worst method to learn. So, people who are online can take their responsibility for their studies into a personally learning and they will become successful people in the future (The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d). 3.4 Encourage long-term learning Online learning is an effective tool which encourages long-term learning. Based on the survey in figure (B), 12% of the respondents agreed that online courses promote life-long learning (Personal Survey 2011). Most of the students will slowly forget what they have learnt in their campuses or schools within few days. To help them to solve this problem, students enable to online at any time to search for their information so that they will not forget what they have learnt in their campuses or schools (The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d). 4.0 Online Learning is not an effective tool in learning Figure (C) Online Learning is not an effective tool in learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Personal Survey 2011) 4.1 Need additional period on-campus lessons Online paths need additional period on-campus lessons is one of the not effective tools in learning. According to the survey in figure (C), 10% of the respondents approved that online paths need additional period on-campus lessons (Personal Survey 2011). Students will always spend more time studying or searching information for their coursework or assignments through the Internet than studying in their campuses or schools (The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d). 4.2 Lead to lack of interaction One of the not effective tools in learning is online paths lead to lack of interaction. According to the survey in figure (C), 90% of the respondents approved that online courses lead to lack of interactions (Personal Survey 2011). Although students only study through the Internet, they will miss all the fun of learning activities in their classes. This causes they have fewer opportunities to mix around with their friends and their mentors because they usually stay at home to access the Internet and will make their lives too boring (The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d). 4.0 Conclusion Figure (D) Is Online Learning an effective tool in learning?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Personal Survey 2011) In conclusion, online learning truly is an effective tool in learning because it carries benefits to people who wish to learn more things from the Internet. According to the survey in figure (D), 77.8% of the respondents approved that online learning is an effective tool in learning (Personal Survey 2011). This will increase their knowledge and experiences through the way of the online learning. Online learning brings a lot of advantages to people such as meets up with new friends, encourages long-term learning, learns to become self-disciplined person and also is very useful. Therefore, online learning is an effective tool in learning in this society as the benefits of online learning outweigh the harms. Reference List Internet Articles The Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning n.d., viewed February 23, 2011, nait.ca/29805.htm Types of Online Learning n.d., viewed February 23, 2011, adelaid.edu.au/clpd/online/designing/typesonlrng Journal Articles White, MMA 2007, History of E-Learning – A Brief History of E-Learning and Distance Education, viewed February 23, 2011, elearningavenue.com/history-of-elearning Book Clarke, A 2008, E-Learning Skills, 2 edn, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Personal Survey Personal Survey 2011

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership - Essay Example One of the major characteristics of DAC Ltd is the importance it gives to empowerment of employees. DAC leaders at all levels are trained to coach and mentor staff. Comprehensive training helps DAC to keep the employees competent all the time to meet the challenges of rapidly changing business world. DAC gives particular attention to the individual developments because of its belief that all the DAC employees are contributing to the company in one way or other. DAC is following a transparent approach in its functioning. It is not much interested in keeping company secrets. For example, everyone in DAC at all levels knows about the bid for EMMACorp. The company knows that revealing every secret to the employees may help the company to grow employee loyalty towards the company. It should be noted that employees may feel that they are essential parts of the organization and that is why the company is taking them in confidence. Relationship building is the core of every business activity and DAC knows this fact very well. This is a clearly communicated vision of the CEO and employees are expected to support this philosophy whole-heartedly. Those not committed to the company vision are encouraged to seek alternate employment. DAC knows very well that it is important for the company to keep existing customers along with finding new customers. So customer servicing at all levels has been given top priority at DAC. CHRISSIE Co One of the most common illusions among corporate world is the myth that women leaders are incapable of dealing with challenging situations. However, lessons from the latest recession show that companies with female board members done better than companies with male board... This research will begin with the definition of leadership as a highly sought- after and highly valued commodity. According to Northouse leadership is a process which occurs in groups; it involves influence and common goals†. Hackman on the other hand described leadership as the first and foremost a communication based activity whereas Mullins argued that â€Å"leadership is not about being a wonder woman or man; but it about valuing individuality†. According to Clawson, â€Å"Leadership is about managing energy first in yourself and then in those around you. Being a leader depends on one’s point of view, not on status and title†. The above definitions clearly suggest that it is difficult to accommodate leadership in few words. Leadership is a quality which is associated with lot of parameters. There are born leaders as well as developed leaders. In other words, leadership qualities are inborn as well as developed. For example, Steve Jobs was a developed le ader whereas Edward Kennedy was a leader with inborn qualities. Leaders with inborn leadership qualities may emerge out naturally while they work in groups. Others on the other hand, emerge as leaders over time after receiving enough experiences and training. Trait theory says that traits or inborn qualities such as intelligence, communication, interpersonal skills, problem solving skills, vision and charisma are inborn leadership qualities. In other words, these leadership qualities are inherited among certain people at the time of their birth itself whereas others learn such qualities from their surroundings.

Renewable Energy in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renewable Energy in Canada - Essay Example The second largest renewable source is wind that generates 1.6 percent of Canadian electricity. The third largest source is biomass with 1.4 percent share. Moreover, wind and photovoltaic energies are rapidly growing renewable sources in Canada. This paper briefly explores renewable energy and its contributions in Canada (NRCAN). Renewable energy is a kind of energy obtained from natural resources which can be renewed and regained within human lifespan, for instance, moving wind and sunshine. Numerous technologies and equipment are developed in order to exploit the potential natural resources. These equipments produce energy in the form of electricity, thermal energy, industrial heat, and transportation fuels (NRCAN). Canada's leading energy (renewable and other) resource is hydroelectric power. Most of this power is generated in water-rich and less populated Northern Canada in order to provide for urbanized South, for instance, Quebec's export to the U.S. Rapidly growing form of ren ewable energies are wind , solar, geothermal, and biomass. In 2009, Canada's generating capacity was 125,485 MW with 60 percent generated from renewable resources. Hydro power generation meets 90 percent of electricity demand in British Columbia and Quebec. However, British Columbia is a net importer while Quebec is a net exporter. Oil and natural gas resources are plentiful in Alberta and Saskatchewan, and Manitoba and Northern Ontario is rich in coal. On a national level, 20 percent generation is from nuclear source, 15 percent coal, and 5 percent is from natural gas source. Wind and solar energy are also gaining popularity through feed-in tariff (FIT). Enacted in 2009, FIT forced Ontario to trailing in North American market activity.FIT is supported by investor due to the money that flows upfront into the project (Wagman, 2011). It is estimated that Canada's generating capacity of 19,000 MW will retire by 2050.In addition, 45,000 MW generating capacity is required to meet the exi sting growth projects. Federal government's goal is to generate 90 percent of Canada's energy through non-emitting resources by the year 2020(Wagman, 2011). Ontario Power Authority (OPA) has signed 40 large-scale renewable energy projects under the province FIT program. These new projects include, solar, water, and wind projects which are expected to attract $3.04 billion in private sector investment. It will generate over 872MW renewable power, of which, 357MW is from 35 solar projects, 500KM from water project, and 615MW from four wind projects. It is claimed that these projects will produce 240 wind turbines and one million solar panels in Ontario. Canada's wind capacity is 3,549MW in 2011, and Ontario is the leading provider with1, 248MW or one third of the total wind energy production. Moreover, another one third is generated by Quebec (663MW) and Alberta (656 MW). Seven other provinces generate the final one-third of total energy. According to CanWEA, there is tenfold increase in wind energy production over the last six years (Wagman, 2011). Another comparatively untapped renewable technology is geothermal energy. Canada shares the same continental shelf and geology as Latin America, Mexico, and United States, and has other undeveloped 200 hot springs. However, federal government and provinces have failed to implement policies and regulations for further development of geothermal energy (Wagman, 2011). According to

Applied Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applied Marketing Management - Essay Example The report discusses and analyse the overall brand management at Marks & Spencer. This report starts with a brief history and Marks & Spencer and about Marks & Spencer's brand and then extends further discussing its advertisement, brand equity, positioning etc. Main information is gathered through the internet and magazines and the analysis is also done with the help of the above mentioned sources. In the end recommendation are also given in the light of the discussions throughout the report. Marks & Spencer commonly known "M & S" is one of the top British retailer companies. It is ranked amongst the most prestigious chain of stores in the UK and is the largest clothing retailer in the UK by turnover. It also is a multi-billion pound food retailer. Most of its shops sell both of these categories. Marks & Spencer also has a third product line related to home wares such as bed linen, but this is far smaller than the other two. For much of the 20th century M&S was regarded as the leading retailer in the United Kingdom, and an icon of British business. ... In 1997 it became the first British retailer to make a profit before tax of over 1 billion, though within a couple of years it plunged into a crisis from which it has not yet fully recovered. It is now less than one quarter of the size of the UK's largest and most profitable retailer, Tesco. In 2006, M&S has opened a Technology Department in each flagship Store (http://www.marks-and-spencer.co.uk). Branding history of M&S: In the late 1990s, The St Michael brand was discontinued in favour of Marks & Spencer. When Stuart Rose took over in 2004, he introduced a new promotional brand under the "Your M&S" banner, with a corresponding logo. This has now become the company's main brand in its advertising, online presence and in-store merchandising. The clean font and modern colours of the new image are somewhat incongruous alongside the traditional M&S signage and associated fittings that still adorn the stores themselves. In fact the only thing they have in common is the use of M&S traditional green in the ampersand of the new logo. This may seem confusing at first, but the new look has been instrumental in the company's recent resurgence, particularly with the success of a new clothing campaign featuring the legendary model, Twiggy, and younger models associated with the bohemian styles of 2005-6, and the TV ad campaign for their food range featuring Dervla Kirwan and the tagline "This is not just food, this is M&S food". In 2006, "look behind the label" slogans were introduced by M&S and have been extremely successful. Fair trade clothing and foodstuffs are rolled out by all stores and all coffee and tea served in store cafe's are fair trade. Fishing is good for the environment also, so is the way that stores manufacture goods and recycle all of their waste

Theory, use and therapeutic value of symbolic play

Theory, use and therapeutic value of symbolic play This essay looks at the issue of symbolic play being therapeutic play for children. The essay looks at the theory of symbolic play, the use of symbolic play with children, the therapeutic value of symbolic play, using research to support the discussions. The essay discusses what is understood by symbolic play, then moves on to discuss the importance of symbolic play in childrens development, looking at the various theories that have been put forward to explain the importance of play in childrens development. The essay then moves on to look at various instances where therapeutic play has been used, and is considered useful, such as in children who are experiencing a chronic illness, who are hospitalized, who are awaiting surgery or who have experienced some form of trauma. What is symbolic play? Symbolic play is, according to Piaget (1962) one of the main ways in which children learn to think in a representational manner, where representation is understood as a process through which children store information according to the perceptual analysis of their ingoing experiences (Leslie, 1987; Lyytinen et al., 1997). Play essentially allows children to understand the things they experience and to put these things in to perspective. As such, play is fundamentally important for childrens development (Piaget, 1962). Play is one of the ways in which children understand the world, their interactions with others and the rules and regulations that govern their passage through the world. Play is, thus, a fundamental activity for children that allows them to form their personalities and to understand their place in the world, in relation to others. Relevant of symbolic play in child development Symbolic play, which arises around the age of 18 months, basically involves children substituting one item for another, and can constitute incorporating others in to their play, pretend play or sequencing. This can mean that children pretend to be mother (or father) or that they use household items to reproduce day-to-day activities they have seen their parents doing, amongst other common symbolic play activities. This symbolic allows children to experiment with different roles and different forms of being, which, as has been discussed, allows children to understand, and to contextualise, their experiences. As Piaget (1962) argues, such symbolic play allows children to understand the role of self and others, the use of objects and the sequences of actions and activities whilst playing. This allows children to understand objects, to learn about the properties of objects and to learn about consequences and causality (Piaget, 1962). Play thus allows children, amongst other things, to re alize where their boundaries are, to understand why things work in the ways they do and to understand how to interact with others. Symbolic play is thus, as has been discussed, a fundamental developmental tool for children. Watson and Zlotlow (1999) talk about symbolic play as, an important characteristic of childrens early play, through the enactment of activities that are very familiar to the child in contexts that are not typical for those activities. Enacting activities out of context allows the child to explore, and to understand, the role of agents in their lives, allowing them to understand how the world works and what their role is in this world. Symbolic play, therefore, has been argued to have three main features: the use of objects; the use of actions during the play; and individuals enacting the play (i.e., agents) (Watson and Zlotlow, 1999). The use of objects can be undertaken in many forms, either through substitution, in which the object is used to represent something else, through scenario-building, with the object being used to perform some task or in combination, with the object being used in various ways (Watson, 2008). The use of actions in play and the development of the agent in p lay follow certain patterns depending on the age of the child, as does the theme of childrens symbolic play (Watson, 2008). The one thing that all symbolic play has in common, at whatever age or developmental stage the child is at, is that the child uses some representation of self in their play. At age four, for example, children will have progressed to fantasy play, but these fantasies will usually involve themselves in becoming their fantasy a fireman or a prince, for example (Garvey, 1990). This allows them to explore different roles and responsibilities. Symbolic play is, therefore, a natural phenomena, that children follow naturally, as part of their development through childhood. As Reed (2007) argues, symbolic play links all four areas of a childs development, namely cognitive, language, social/emotional and physical, and, as such, is a fundamental part of the development of children. Symbolic play allows the child to acquire knowledge and to express and represent their ideas, thoughts and feelings: as Vygotsky argues, in his sociocultural cognitive theory, symbolic play allows children to develop and to self-regulate and to work out any problems they might face (Reed, 2007). It is in this aspect, then, that the therapeutic value of symbolic play becomes clear. As children constantly experiment with their environment, their peers and the other agents they meet, and as the results of these experiments are constantly being fed back to lead to reinforce certain behaviours or to elicit different patterns of behaviours, the value of pl ay as therapy is clear. Children who are passing through a difficult moment and who need help to understand this, to contextualise these difficulties in the framework of their existing knowledge, can, through engaging in therapeutic play, manage this. Therapeutic play allows them to experiment with the various outcomes and to contextualise the problems they face, allowing them an opportunity to work through these problems/problematic situations, through this working out their difficulties and coming to understand how to deal with them. The use of symbolic play as therapy In terms of the use of symbolic play as therapy with children, as Bettelheim states, Play permits the child to resolve in symbolic form unresolved problems of the past and to cope directly or symbolically with present concerns. It is also his most significant tool for preparing himself for the future and its tasks (Schaefer, 1995). Using play as a tool to help children through a difficult stage in their lives is, therefore, grounded in theory and makes sense in light of the fact that children learn through play. The research shows, for example, that therapeutic play can be helpful in aiding children through hospital stays (William, 2007) or through surgery, with this therapeutic play being shown to reduce anxiety and increase overall well-being (Bowmer, 2002). As Moore and Russ (2006) discuss, pretend play can act as a resource for children, relating, as it does, to many areas of adaptive functioning including creativity, coping and emotional regulation. As Moore and Russ (2006) show , pretend play in hospital settings can reduce anxiety and, through this, can reduce the likelihood of complications following surgery and can allow children to adapt better to the complications of chronic illness. The therapeutic value of symbolic play In terms of the therapeutic value of symbolic play, as Axline (1964) discusses, therapeutic play can be delivered through one of two major approaches, namely via non-directive play therapy and via directive play therapy (Oaklander, 1988). According to Axline (1964), play therapy should be governed by eight principles, namely that the therapist and child must be comfortable with each other; that the therapist accepts the child as he/she is; that the child can freely express their feelings; that the therapist is alert to the feelings the child expresses; that the therapist respects the child and their ability to resolve their own problems; that the therapist does not attempt to influence the child; that the therapy is carried out in its own time; and that the only limitations placed on the play therapy are those that anchor the therapy in the real world (Axline, 1964). If the therapeutic play is provided within this framework, the benefits of the therapeutic play can be many and varied , as discussed above, with the troubled child benefitting greatly from this intervention. As Li and Lopez (2008) argue, therapeutic play can be valuable not only in helping children through a difficult stage in their lives but can be useful in helping to in prepare children for a stressful, or difficult, period that they might face. For example, children who are facing surgery or a chronic illness can be helped to come to terms with this through the use of therapeutic play. As Li and Lopez (2008) report, by reinforcing to nursing and medical staff that play is a very important part of the lives of young children, and be employing therapeutic play techniques, this can markedly improve the anxiety that these children experience and can allow these children to have a more positive outlook regarding their situation and the difficult things they will face, meaning that they are better equipped to face these situations. As Li and Lopez (2008) argue, therapeutic play can help to improve the resilience of children who face difficulties and, as such, it is an important tool to use in those children who need help to become more resilient. Children who have faced some form of trauma, for example, can be aided through the fallout of this trauma through engaging in therapeutic play. By allowing the child the space to act out what they saw, or what they have experienced, for example, the child can come to terms with this traumatic experience. This therapeutic play could take the form of using puppets, or drawing, or role playing: anything that allows the child to re-enact the event(s) and, through this, come to terms with what happened. The use of therapeutic play in explaining the loss of someone close to them is known to be particularly valuable, for example, as this can allow them to imagine the person is still here and to resolve any outstanding issues they had with them, or to slowly come to terms with the fact that they are no longer alive and no longer able to be physically present with the child. The simple act of playing can, therefore, allow the child to come to terms with many difficult emotions, allowing the c hild to slowly become more able to cope with the negative emotions that a traumatic event (such as witnessing a violent act or the unexpected death of a close family member), allowing them to deal with these negative emotions (Schaefer and OConnor, 1994). As Schaefer and OConnor (1994) argue, role playing in particular can help children to face the negative post-trauma reactions that children might face, with role-play allowing children to relive the trauma and to find various solutions to their negative experiences and emotions. Conclusion In summary, then, this essay has looked at the issue of symbolic play being therapeutic play for children. The essay has looked, in particular, at the theory of symbolic play, the use of symbolic play with children and the therapeutic value of symbolic play. In regards to the theory of symbolic play, it has been seen that various theories have been proposed to explain the importance of symbolic play in childrens development, with all of these theories agreeing that play is a fundamental part of childrens development and that this play allows them to contextualise their experiences and to understand how these experiences dictate how they should act and should behave in different situations. It is this attribute of symbolic play that lends itself to being useful in helping children come to terms with difficult events in their lives: as has been discussed, play allows children to explore different scenarios (even difficult scenarios), with this play enabling them to overcome any negative emotions or feelings they might have had towards these scenarios. A child who is facing a difficult surgery, for example, might be scared, might be worried for themselves and for their families, but engaging in role play with this child (for example) allows them the opportunity to explore different possibilities and to release some of their anxieties and concerns. This has been shown, as discussed, to reduce the anxiety these children feel and to enable the childs health and well-being to be maintained, even under difficult circumstances. Similarly, a child who has experienced trauma can be helped through their post-traumatic period by engaging in some form of therapeutic play. This would normally consist of helping the child to act out their fears and their experiences, allowing the child to get rid of all of their negative emotions and feelings with regards to the even, allowing the child to expel these from their psyche and then to carry on without carrying this burden along with them. In conclusion, then, the essay has shown that play is fundamental for children and that, given its experimental nature and its ability to contextualise events and interactions for children, play is, at its very essence, therapeutic. Using play with children who need therapeutic interventions, then, makes perfect sense to allow children to understand the negative events/emotions and to overcome their fears and anxieties regarding these negative events and emotions. Therapeutic play has been shown to be a useful intervention in many cases, including in hospitalized children and in children living with chronic illnesses, who can be helped through this difficult period by engaging in therapeutic play, which has been shown to reduce their anxiety levels. In conclusion, then, therapeutic play is an extension of the symbolic play that children engage in as a normal developmental process and can be useful in helping children through difficult periods in their life.

Loss of Humanity in The Lottery

In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† there are many themes to pick up on, however the one that seems to be the most important is the theme of humanity. In this short story many things burst out at the reader but the theme of humanity is one that the reader must be looking for. The loss of humanity is apparent in the story because of the activities they are acting upon, their feelings of others, and the connation in which they speak. First and forth most, the lottery in which Jackson rights about is almost the opposite of what most states participate in today. Though the opening statement wouldn’t lead you to believe so, â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day†¦the grass was richly green† (247) This expositions set the story out to be almost fairy-tale like, by showing the reader a perfect town. However it is far from this, the town is much worse than any evil step mother. The town is participating in an act of murder, even if they believe it is justifiable. The act of the lottery starts off with the gathering of the town. Soon the men began to gather†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (247) This than lead to the families gathering with their own. â€Å"The women, standing next to their husbands, began to call the children†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (247) The plot doesn’t become dark until the black box shows up. (248) Once the plot as become dark it stays that way until the ending. â€Å"‘It isn’t fair, it isn’t right,† Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her. †(252) though there are certainly more than a few examples of the loss of humanity however this the one that sticks out like a sore thumb. When the people are upon her it isn’t a trait of human kind, at not least the human kind of the past few centuries, that is something that animals do and not â€Å"civilized† humans. Secondly, the way that they talk about their neighboring towns shows the loss of humanity. First shown with Mr. Adam’s talking of the northern town and the loss of the lottery. When Old Man Warner hears he is all but happy. This was best shown by Brandon Ramos in his article, â€Å"Old Man Warner’s moral steadfastness helps to keep the village in check. He never even takes the time to explain the importance. He defends it, however, he never explains it. A lot of the villagers probably don’t even know why they do this. † (Ramos) Though the last part does show signs of a modern religion it is not something that is showing the humanity that it should. Not only was Old Man Warner enraged by the statement made about the other town he proceeds to say that it is actually that that makes them less civilized. He even goes as far to say that they are reverting back to old ways, â€Å"Next thing you know, they’ll be want to go back to living in caves,† (250) He is saying without the lottery they are become cavemen, which is eerie because it is the lottery in fact that makes them even less like cavemen or Greek citizen how worshipped the sun or the gods. This brings it to the last point, the way they speak shows sighs of inhumanity. The most prominent example of this is the title of Ramos’s article. It was said by Old Man Warner, once again, but it read, â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (250) (Ramos), this suggests that the murder in the lottery is nothing but a sacrifice to make the harvest as plentiful as possible. Another example, though not speech, this example is of body language and how the town’s people showed it off. The way that Tessie is pleading at the end and yet the body language of her fellow ton’s folk is nothing but normal. The last example would be how quickly here friends and family choose to turn on her. Her husband, never even said a word about the result of the lottery. And her friends seemed to have turned on her faster than anyone else did. Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone as large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar ‘come on. ’ She said ‘Hurry up. ’† (252) The sum of it all is that through out the story the town’s people showed inhumanity through the acts that surrounded the lottery. Old Man Warner was the biggest supporter of the lottery even though he never supported why. The whole town supported him through and through tough it was morally wrong in many ways. Lastly the way the town’s people spoke and presented themselves showed nothing but inhumanity.

Hospitalized Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Health And Social Care Essay

The present survey was designed to measure the consequence of gestalt therapy on self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder. The research design is of import measure in research, as it is closely related to the overall model for carry oning survey. This chapter deals with the description of the research attack, design, puting, population, standards for sample choice, sample and sampling technique, development and description of tool, process for informations aggregation and program for informations analysis.3.1. RESEARCH APPROACHThe research worker has adopted quantitative research attack in this survey to analyse the impact of Gestalt therapy on self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder. This attack is a systematic procedure that involves the measuring of the input, procedure and the end product.3.2. RESEARCH DESIGNThe research design adopted in the present survey was Quasi experimental pre trial and station trial with control group design. Sel f consciousness was assessed among the patients with schizophrenic disorder before and after Gestalt therapy. Gestalt therapy was administered as an intercession to heighten the ego consciousness of the patients with schizophrenic disorder.FIG 2. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH DESIGNQuantitative ApproachQuasi experimental pre trial and station trial with control group designTarget Population – Patients with schizophrenic disorderAccessible Population – Patients with schizophrenia hospitalized at krishna nursing placeSample size 16Tool: Situational Self consciousness graduated tableExperimental group ( N=8 )Hospitalized chronic Schizophrenia patientsControl group ( N=8 )Hospitalized chronic Schizophrenia patientsReceiving Routine nursing attention and Gestalt therapyReceiving Routine nursing attention merelyAppraisal of ego consciousness after intercessionDatas analysisFindingssReport/ thesis3.3. SettingThe survey was conducted in Krishna Nursing place, Coimbatore . It is a 28 bedded nursing place and de-addiction Centre.3.4. PopulationThe mark population for the present survey was patients with chronic schizophrenic disorder. The accessible population for the present survey was patients with schizophrenia hospitalized at Krishna nursing place.3.5. CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTIONThe samples were taken based on the undermentioned standards. Inclusion standards: Hospitalized patients with chronic Schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients under the age group of 20-55. Schizophrenic patients with low ego consciousness Schizophrenic Patients who are willing to take part in the survey. Exclusion standards: Schizophrenia with any other physical or mental unwellness. Schizophrenic patients in acute stage. Schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms.3.6. SamplingPurposive sampling technique was used for sample choice. During the informations aggregation period 16 patients were admitted in Krishna Nursing Home. A sample of 16 patients with schizophrenic disorder were recruited in the survey.3.7. VARIABLES OF THE STUDYDemographic VariablesAge, Gender, Education, Marital position, Occupation, Monthly income, Place of abode, Family History of mental unwellness and Duration of mental unwellnessMugwumpVariableGestalt therapyDependant VariableDegree of Self consciousness3.8. MaterialThe tool consist of 3 subdivisions Section 1 Demographic Variables Section2 Situational ego consciousness graduated table ( Govern & A ; Marsh, 2001 ) Section3 Gestalt Therapy3.8.1. Section 1Demographic Variables: This is a self-administered tool which consist of personal information of the patients like age, gender, instruction, matrimonial position, occupational position, monthly household income, topographic point of abode, type of household, household history of mental unwellness and continuance of mental unwellness.3.8.2. Section 2Situational Self Awareness Scale ( Govern and Marsh 2001 ) : Govern and Marsh was developed in 2001 to quantify degrees of Public and Private Self consciousness. It consists of 9 statements related to overall feelings of Self consciousness. The points were answered on a 5-point likert graduated table denoting merely positive worded statements runing from strongly differ to strongly hold. Components 1, 5, 9 denotes Surrounding factor. Components 2, 6, 8 denotes Private factor. Components 3, 4, 7 denotes Public factor. The Mark ranges from 9-45 in order to construe the degree of ego consciousness. Reliability & A ; Validity: The dependability of the tool is measured utilizing the exploratory and collateral factor analysis and other statistical methods yielded consequences reveals correlation coefficient 0.7 bespeaking first-class stableness. The internal consistence of the three subscales is good ( Cronbach ‘s alpha = 0.82 for public factor, 0.72 for private factor and 0.72 for environing factor ) while the test-retest correlativity is 0.78 for public factor and 0.58 for private factor.A The tool has equal content cogency and concepts cogency. Administration: Initially the research worker maintained good resonance with the patients. The research worker obtained informed consent to affect the patients in the survey. The Situational ego consciousness graduated table was administered to the schizophrenic patients separately. This is a ego describing graduated table in which the participants were asked to click the options in each point as they feel. Scoring This graduated table is standardized, which consists of 5 likert type inquiries that measure the Self consciousness of patients with schizophrenic disorder. The responses of the 9 points are ranged from ( Strongly Disagree = 1, Slightly Disagree = 2, Neutral = 3, somewhat agree = 4 and strongly agree= 5 ) . The maximal mark in the tool is 45. Interpretation & lt ; 22 Low ego consciousness. 22-33 Normal 34-45 High ego consciousness.3.8.3. Section 3GESTALT THERAPYGestalt therapy was developed in 1940 by Frederick and Laura Perls in the fortiess. Gestalt therapy is a humanistic therapy where the research worker makes the patients to follow Gestalt therapy techniques which enhance the ego consciousness of patients with schizophrenic disorder. It tends to reflect a more experiential or subjective attack in bettering the ego consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder.Prerequisites OF GESTALT THERAPYThe undermentioned stairss should be taken by the research worker before disposal of Gestalt therapy. Explain the demand for the therapy to the patient and its utility. Explain the process to the patient. Get informed consent. Make a good resonance with the patient. Provide client a composure and quiet environment with good airing. Arrange 2 chairs to execute gestalt therapy techniques.GESTALT THERAPY TECHNIQUES:EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE – The Chair in which the patient sits is a hot place and the chair is present in forepart of the patient is an empty chair. Patient is asked about his or her likes and disfavors towards his /her household members or relations. Patient imagines that the peculiar individual is sitting in that empty chair. Patient is asked to speak to that individual in forepart of the healer. This will better the emotional bonding and conflict declaration among the household members. Therefore, self consciousness is improved when the patient negotiations in such a fanciful manner to other individual. GUIDED FANTASY – Patient will be asked to conceive of a old event or topographic point already exposed in a systematic mode with the aid of the healer and imaginativeness is performed by the patient in a realistic mode. Devising ROUNDS WITH PATIENT- Patient will speak and mix with all Psychiatric patients in the infirmary premises. This attack will give consciousness towards the environment. REHEARSAL EXERCISE – It involves behavioral dry run where the patient function plays a new behavior that they have learned with a individual or people in their environment. This is done to cut down phase fear and anxiousness that may be felt if they feel they are non executing their new behavior right. This encourages spontaneousness and a willingness to larn and execute a new behavior.3.9. HypothesisH01: There is no important difference in the degree of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder in experimental and control group before gestalt therapy. H11: There is a important difference in the degree of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder in experimental group before and after gestalt therapy. H02: There is no important difference in the degree of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder in control group before and after everyday nursing attention. H12: There is a important difference in degree of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder in experimental group after gestalt therapy and control group after everyday nursing attention. H13: There is a important difference between the before intercession and after intercession mark in environing factor of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder. H14: There is a important difference between the before intercession and after intercession mark in public factor of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder. H15: There is a important difference between the before intercession and after intercession mark in private factor of self consciousness among patients with schizophrenic disorder.3.10. PILOT STUDYBefore the chief survey, pilot survey was conducted to look into the feasibleness, practicableness, dependability, and cogency. The survey was conducted in Krishna Nursing Home, Coimbatore. The eligible samples were recruited for pilot survey and the sample size was 5. The degree of ego consciousness was assessed among patients with schizophrenic disorder before intercession. Gestalt therapy was administered to patients with schizophrenic disorder. Gestalt Therapy was given for continuance of 40 proceedingss to five schizophrenic patients for back-to-back 10 yearss. Post trial was conducted the undermentioned twenty-four hours to measure the ego consciousness of patients with schizophrenic disorder after administrating gestalt therapy. Data analysis was done utilizing descriptive and illati ve statistics. Consequences showed that Gestalt therapy enhanced the degree of ego consciousness. Hence, the survey was operable and executable.3.11. MAIN STUDYThe chief survey was conducted for a period of 30 yearss. During the period of informations aggregation, 16 samples were drawn purposively. The research worker developed resonance with the participants and explained the importance and benefits of the intercession. Followed by this, consent was obtained. Initially, all patients with schizophrenic disorder were administered situational ego consciousness graduated table. The degree of ego consciousness was identified as low. Following this, gestalt therapy was administered to the patients with schizophrenic disorder separately for 40 proceedingss for each session with a sum of 4 Sessionss for each patient as one session per hebdomad. After 30 yearss a station trial was conducted to measure the ego consciousness of the patients with schizophrenic disorder.3.12. TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONAppropriate statistical tool such as descriptive and illative statistics were applied to analyse the information.

Three Strikes Law Essays - Criminal Law, Criminology, California Law

Three Strikes Law Essays - Criminal Law, Criminology, California Law Three Strikes Law CJC2000 Prof. Taylor, Patrica 02/19/2015 All round the world there has been an ongoing issue with crime. Many of the crimes committed are both violent and nonviolent actions towards innocent people or places. What can possibly be done by law makers and enforcers to stop this ongoing problem? To help minimize these offenses the states has develop a way to take a stand against it being done, the Three Strikes Law. It basically states that if you are a convicted felon, on your third offense, misdemeanor/felony, youre out. With the states passing the three strikes law, it allows repeating offenders to remain behind bars for the rest of their lives. But is it fair to all offenders that continuously commit a crime to remain behind bars or should the ones that commit petty crimes be punished because of this law? In my opinion, if a person consist of committing a crime he or she shall be held responsible after the second time. Committing a crime in the first beginning can be more than enough times. Depending on the type of the crime such as murder or molestation, the person should be behind bars and stay there for the rest of their lives after the first offense. Think about it for a minute, if all the habitual offenders are force to remain behind bars, our crime rates should drop opposed to if they are still on the streets committing the crimes. I think the three strikes law is a good effect on crime because it will make offenders think twice about committing a crime. Besides, lets be realistic, a person knows if they will constantly commit the same crime or another one for that matter.

Philosphoical needs essays

Philosphoical needs essays Endangered species are living organisms whose population are significantly reduced and are threatened to the point of extinction. Many interventions have taken place since then to help the few attempt to regain their numbers of animals. Thousands of species are included in this category, not to mention plants, mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. What would this world come to if no one cared for such scarce breed that was dying off? It can have many damaging effects to the environment. Millions of years before humans, the extinction of organisms was linked to the climate and geological patterns, which made main alternation of the environment. Environmental change is still the primary cause of the extinction of animals, but now the changes have greatly accelerated by human interaction. A few examples include land for farming, lumbering, mining, building dams, and draining wetlands. In any case, they all alter the environment extensively that ecosystems may be completely destroyed, ruining the food chain. Minnesota is home to many mammals, plants, and birds. According to Minnesotas Department of Natural Resources, there are many specimens on the endangered, threatened, and special concerned list. With over half being plants, there are many more added each year. In particular, the gray wolf is on the threatened list. With wolves being perceived as a threat to people, especially children, the animal usually poses little danger to humans. The increase in the number and distribution of wolves in Minnesota over the past two decades has resulted in more wolves living near people than any other time in Minnesotas history. Another debate is the managing of wolves would be to alleviate predation on Minnesotas deer herds. In addition, the issue of wolves killing deer has been a hot topic in Northern Minnesota and was used to justify wolf bounty. Based on data collected from Minnesota DNRs1997-98, an estimate of ...

Using the IS-LM framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Using the IS-LM framework - Essay Example The model is represented in the form of a graph. The horizontal axis represents the national income or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an economy. The vertical axis represents the variable â€Å"i† which denotes the prevailing interest rates in the economy. The model achieves equilibrium at a point where â€Å"IS† curve intersects the LM curve. Inflation is considered as an exogenous factor in this model in the short run. This means that in the short-run real and nominal interest rates are same and any changes in the nominal interest rates affect the demand for money in the economy. (Lipsey & Chrystal 2003) IS curve is drawn just like a conventional demand curve. The independent variable of this curve is the interest rate and the dependent variable is the national income of the economy which is denoted by â€Å"Y†. The curve is a downward sloping line. The reason for the downward or negative slop of the curve is the fact that at lower interest rates demand for mo ney â€Å"Y† is high. At higher interest rate levels, the demand drops down. This is in line with the rational behavior of consumers, institutions, businesses and governments. Since interest rate is a cost of money, many people would demand more money when it is being offered at cheaper rates. Similarly businesses will demand more money when the interest rates are low which lowers down their cost of doing business. Governments and other institutions will also borrow when the interest rate is low because of the fact that they will have to give lower amount to the party lending the fund, for the use of funds. In other words opportunity cost of borrowing is low when interest rates are low and high when interest rates are higher. All the parties needing money borrow more at lower interest rates unless the demand for money is inelastic. (Brue & McConnell 2006) IS Curve can be mathematically explained by the following equation: In the above equation, C(Y-T(Y)) represents the consum er spending part of the function. I(r) represent the investment function which is affected by the interest rates. It must be remembered that the relationship between investment and interest rate is negatively proportional at all times. G represents the government spending part which is exogenous or given. No factor affects the government spending and since it is solely determined by the government’s own policy hence it is considered as an exogenous factor. The last part of the function is related to international trade. NX(Y) represents the net import minus exports and denotes the net international trade as a function of real income. It must be remembered that the relationship between the international trade and disposable income is positive all the times. This makes sense as it tells the readers that the more income the people have, more they will be willing to spend. (Anabtwi & Smith 1994) In the diagram â€Å"Figure 1†, it can be seen that the IS curve is downward s loping. In other words, the relationship between national income (GDP) and interest rate is negatively correlated. Any fall in interest rate increases the national income and any rise in interest rate decreases the national income (GDP). The relationship is more explicitly point out in numerical figures. The rise in interest rates from 4 percent to 5 percent has resulted in the fall in national income from $700 to $600. The relationship between these two variables is negative. The relationship makes sense because of the opportunity cost

Short Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Short Report - Essay Example The major problems encountered by the group include poor recruitment and selection procedure, lack of precision in job description, incompetent leadership approach, lack of effective communication within the operational dimensions of the group, inadequate training and development programs, employee motivational limitations and lack of proper integration of HR strategies with the overall organisational goals. Thus, in order to resolve these challenges and issues, the City of Southbridge has been suggested to restructure its HRD and managerial approach. Addressing the rudimental flaws persisting within the organisation, along with a considerable significance towards identifying the future scope for improvements and opportunities to mitigate the limitations within the HR practices of the City of Southbridge, it is expected that this report shall be helpful for the group’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in taking requisite measures. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 The Role of a Human Resource Department at the City of Southbridge 5 The Arguments for a Strategic Human Resource Management within the City Of Southbridge 6 Identification of Potential Areas of Reform 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 12 Introduction City of Southbridge is a large-sized metropolitan local authority, which employs over 700 people in an array of professional, community amenity and manual roles. Mr. Brian, the recently appointed HR manager of the group, was able to identify several HR challenges during his professional tenure. In this context, Mr. Brian postulated that the group is still burdened with the orthodox HR practice, wherein greater emphasis is allocated to administration and the related transactional functions only. It has been highlighted that the HR structure within the group was principally based on its functional dimensions, including recruitment and payroll section as the primary and the largest sections. Mr. Brian further observed that none of the HR staff possessed adequate understanding regarding the strategic notion or functions followed by the City of Southbridge, which in turn caused misalignments in the execution of the HR strategies in accordance with the strategic notion followed in the City of Southbridge. With due consideration to Mr. Brian’s concern, the primary purpose of this report is to lucidly highlight the role of Human Resource Department (HRD) within the City of Southbridge. The report further strives to explain the need for a strategic approach to resolve HRM issues within the City of Southbridge. Also, the report entails identification of potential areas of scope within the group to accelerate the effective reform of the HR function in a strategic way. Throughout the report, in order to acquire considerable understanding and to draw valid and reliable conclusion, recently published academic journals and peer-reviewed articles have been utilized. Furthermore, journals containing relevant models and th eories have been taken into concern for offering necessary recommendations in respect of the HR challenges identified within the City of Southbridge. The Role of a Human Resource Department at the City of Southbridge Human Resource Department (HRD) plays a crucial role that further imposes significant impacts on the overall

Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Hunger - Essay Example His hand idly lay against his empty belly. Another hand reached upward to wipe the moisture from his eye as he looked out from the doorway, his eyes scanning across the street. The sounds of children playing were interrupted by the noise of shouting that occasionally erupted from one place or another. He swallowed before stepping out into the dirt of the street, the scents and the crust of the poor part of the city having no affect on him as he had lived within it his whole life. The growl in his belly, on the other hand, is a pain one can never get used to feeling. He began the search for food, for a resource from which to gain his meal for the day. The result of colonialism within Nigeria has displaced the cultural sense of survival, creating urban centers where once the natural order of society provided for itself. Urbanization has taken shelter and food from cultures that once knew how to work their land and use their resources in order to provide for themselves. Now, the cities are filled with generations who struggle still to adapt and to pull themselves out of poverty. He closed his eyes for a moment before moving through the city. He thought about a woman he knew who might give him a meal if he talked nicely to her. He hadn’t gone to her in a long time, but she had given him food before when he had happened by when she was cooking. He had to cross the city a bit to get near her home, but it was worth it if he got a cooked meal. He moved quickly from place to place, waving at those he knew until he was stopped dead in his tracks for a moment. He looked up and saw the office of a lawyer that he knew, a man who had bought his way into the graces of the mayor of the town. He saw the son of the mayor going into that office, with his clean white shirt and black trousers, not to mention the shiny black automobile from which he had emerged. â€Å"Lagos, the current capital city and perhaps the most important urban settlement in Nigeria, if not on the We st African coast, typifies a case of urban development in a rural context. The settlement has grown from a 19th century fishing and agricultural settlement to become a late 20th century metropolitan centre† (Baker184). The mayor’s son walked into the office, the whirring of the fan creating a small breeze through the open door. He ran his hand down his neck, bothered that his father had sent him on this errand, his life interrupted by this chore. He grinned for a moment thinking of the women from the night before, their lithe bodies undulating to the music, his throat filled with the drink that made his eyes glassy and filled him with a wildness that he could not express without it. He blew out a small bit of air and focused on the office door in front of him. â€Å"I have it, I have it† he said, knowing that his position in the city was dependant upon giving this tribute to the mayor, the power of that man enough to give him access to what he needed to sustain h is business. He fumbled around with a key to a drawer for a minute until it popped open. He pulled out a big envelope and surreptitiously filled it until it was full. He locked the metal clasp on it had and handed it to the mayor’s son, his sweating fingers leaving a mark upon the paper. The mayor’s son sneered then turned and left the office, still annoyed that his sleep and his day had been interrupted for such a task. â€Å"In today’s Nigeria corruption has become a problem with implications for development planning, power positions, and balances, the

The Jewish Diaspora and Israel Essay Example for Free

The Jewish Diaspora and Israel Essay The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines Diaspora as a â€Å"movement, migration of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland† . The term originally applied to Jewish people, who since biblical times have had been expelled from their ‘Promised Land’, the area that encompasses most of present day state of Israel. After independence in 1948, Israeli authorities declared a policy of homecoming for all Jews in ‘exile’. However, many in the Jewish Diasporas chose stay back in their host countries. This essay examines the complexities of interaction between the Jewish Diaspora and its Homeland through the works of Fullilove, Cohen, Sheffer and Shapira. Out of the 13. 8 million Jews, 7. 8 million stay in Diasporas . These are scattered across the U. S, France, Canada, Russia, UK, Australia, Germany, Brazil, Ukraine and South Africa. Most Jews in North Africa and Muslim countries have disappeared. The upward mobility of the Diaspora across the globe has played an important role in their interaction with the state of Israel. While the sentiments of the elder members of the Jewish Diaspora remain strong, the younger Jews under the age of 35 are distancing themselves from their Jewish homeland . They have a more unbiased view of Jewish affairs and in the recent Israeli-Palestine conflict, voiced dissenting opinions on the conduct of the Jewish state and its treatment of the Palestinian Arabs. Organizations such as the Independent Jewish Voices in the UK are one such organization that provides a contrarian view. Israeli Diaspora, according to Cohen comprises of those Jews who migrated out of Israel to other parts of the world. Jewish Diaspora refers to the Jews who were already settled in ‘exile’ from ancient times . The Jewish Diaspora having lived in their host countries for centuries have developed a more inclusive ethos than the newly migrating Jews ex-Israel. The Israeli Diaspora tends to be more conservative and the Diasporic Jews have often labeled the Israeli Diaspora as â€Å"loud, blunt and rude† . The main reason for the Jews to leave Israel has been to find better economic opportunities abroad . The constant stress and compulsory military service were other reasons cited by Jews to leave Israel . Yet others opted to emigrate to pursue higher education. Middle East or African origin Jews chose to leave Israel because of racial discrimination by the white Jewry. The Diaspora has a high rate of self-employment and does very well in financial and business sectors . Jews in Canada have very little affiliation to Jewish orthodoxy and tend to carry a negative image towards organized religion . Jews that migrate from Israel tend to carry their cultural heritage rather than religious identities. As a result, the Israeli Diaspora has a different cultural-religious orientation than the Jewish Diaspora, which becomes yet another point of discordance between the two communities. Second and third generation progeny of the Israeli Diaspora are losing their ‘Israeliness’ that is being replaced with ‘Jewishness’ . Sheffer argues that the relations of the state of Israel with their Diaspora are a unique phenomenon in its breadth and scope of interaction as compared to other ethno-national Diasporas. A large number of Jews no longer consider themselves to be exiles in their host nations . So, now there is no longer an urgency to return to their homeland. Part of this change of heart has been the growing realization that the Israeli state has understood the importance of the existence of the Diaspora in other countries and has made special efforts to engage with them at the governmental level. Thus two major Zionist ideas; return to Israel and negation of exile are no longer being propagated by the Israeli political establishment . The growing acceptance of their national status in their host nations is also a fallout of the weakening of communal ideologies in host nations which now allows the Jews a more inclusive social assimilation . Globalization and liberalization are now making it possible for the Jewish Diaspora to migrate to other host nations instead of the traditional aliyah or homecoming to Israel. In the present day, the transformation in relationship between the Israeli state and its Diaspora would require a redefinition of what constitutes Jewish identity and how to manage the State-Diasporic relationship . According to Shapira, while the Jewish Diaspora has fared well in the developed world, their brethren in the developing world have had no such socio-economic success. Coming from the lower socio-economic strata also limited the influence and adaptability of these Jews in their adopted homelands, which also affected their assimilation on return to their homeland. â€Å"Every wave of emigration produced a perceived dilution of the native Israeli identity that led to tension between the locals and the emigrants forcing a halt to immigration from time to time to allow for assimilation. On the opposite end of the spectrum are Jews who are leaving Israel for a variety of reasons. Some find the conflict in the Middle East and the daily threat to their lives too stressful. Others leave Israel for personal ideological reasons. This lot believes that the Israeli state puts too much premium on the Jewish religion as the core national value and wish to migrate to more inclusive locales. The out-group Jews have lesser attachment for Jewish causes in their adopted lands but nonetheless, the government of Israel realizes their importance in shaping international perceptions and keeps them engaged through their Ministry for Diaspora Affairs as well as Track II organizations. In the developed world, the Diaspora has achieved positions of affluence and influence. In the developing world they have remained at the lower end of the socio-economic strata, which has been the main driver for these communities to exercise their right to return to their Jewish homeland. The younger generation of Diaspora below the age of 35 has a lesser attachment to their homeland. Some have even raised contrarian views to question the conduct of the Israeli state in resolving the Palestinian issue. Others have opted to migrate out from Israel for a number of reasons such as better economic options, religious reasons or to escape from physical insecurity. Whatever be the varied contours of interaction of the Diaspora with the State of Israel, there is no denying the fact that the Jewish Diaspora is the most powerful and well organized community on which the homeland has great dependence. Bibliography Cohen, Rina. Israeli Diaspora. In Encyclopedia of Diasporas, by Springer Link, 136-143. NY: Springer US, 2005. Fullilove, Michael. Diasporas and The International System. Double Bay, Australia: Longueville Media, 2008. Merriam-Webster. Diaspora. 2009. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/diaspora (accessed 17 May, 2009). Shapira, Anita. Israeli Identity in Transition. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2004. Sheffer, Gabriel. Is the Jewish Diaspora Unique? Refl ections on the Diaspora’s Current Situation. Israel Studies, volume 10, number 1 1-35.

The Rape of the Lock Essay example -- The Rape of the Lock Alexander P

The Rape of the Lock Pope's portrayal of Belinda and her society in 'The Rape of the Lock' This Lock, the Muse shall consecrate to Fame, And mid'st the Stars inscribe Belinda's Name! In 'The Rape of the Lock' Alexander Pope (1688-1744) employs a mock-epic style to satirise the 'beau-monde' (fashionable world, society of the elite) of eighteenth century England. The richness of the poem, however, reveals more than a straightforward satirical attack. Alongside the criticism we can detect Pope's fascination with, and perhaps admiration for, Belinda and the society in which she moves. Pope himself was not part of the 'beau-monde'. He knew the families on which the poem is based but his own parents, though probably comfortably off, were not so rich or of the class one would have to be in to move in Belinda's circle. He associated with learned men and poets, and there can have been little common ground between the company he kept at Will's Coffee House and those who frequented Hampton Court. The incident at the centre of the poem is the Baron's theft of a lock of hair and the ensuing estrangement of two families. The opening lines of the poem introduce the reader to the satirical stance he is taking towards the society portrayed in the poem. What dire Offence from am'rous Causes springs, What mighty Contests rise from trivial Things, [I.1-2] Pope suggests that they are taking a trivial incident too seriously, displaying an exaggerated sense of their own importance. Throughout the poem Pope continues to make this point through his use of the mock-epic style, which itself takes a trivial incident too seriously, and uses disproportionately grand language to describe an unworthy subject. Belinda is belittled earl... ...y men of the age. An affinity between them is revealed by Pope's empathy, fine judgements, and carefully aimed criticisms, and Pope must have been at least a little fascinated by the 'beau-monde' to apply his talents to this poem which, in an ironic way, celebrates Belinda and her world and, as Pope himself suggests in the final couplet of the poem, has preserved them for posterity. This Lock, the Muse shall consecrate to Fame, And mid'st the Stars inscribe Belinda's Name! [V.149-50] References Butt, John (Ed). The Poems of Alexander Pope. A one-volume edition of the Twickenham text with selected annotations. London. Methuen & Co Ltd. 1963. First published in University Paperbacks 1965, Reprinted with corrections 1968. Reprinted 1977 Bibliography Cunningham. The Rape of the Lock. Oxford University Press. 1971 Gordon. A Preface to Pope. Longman. 1976

Comparison of the first chapters of Pride and Prejudice and Great Expectations Essay

In the first chapter of Great Expectations, Dickens uses first person narrative to present a retrospective account of the narrator’s formative experiences. The narrator has obviously matured and learnt much since his days as a young boy, and he recounts his innocent imagination with some humour and disdain: â€Å"My first fancies regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived from their tombstones.† Here Dickens uses authorial control to present a pitiful account of a lonely, orphaned boy; â€Å"and that Philip Pirrip, late of the parish, and also Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried.† And the fact that he mentions his parents death in the second paragraph shows just how significantly this has affected the young boy’s life. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen also uses authorial control to immediately inform the reader of the central theme of the book, and establish a humorous, ironic tone. This is done through the famous first line: â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.† but unlike Dicken’s first person narration, Austen separates herself completely from the mind and viewpoint of the characters, using dialogue to show her contempt for the social expectation of marriage: â€Å"‘Oh! Single, my dear to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!'† Austen presents Mrs Bennet as a personification of the first sentence of the book, and uses humour and irony to satirise and mock her. Another comparison between the two first chapters is that Dickens is very descriptive in his opening paragraphs: â€Å"Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles at sea.† whereas Austen does not give any background information on the characters and where they live until the end. At the end of the chapter Austen describes Mr and Mrs Bennet: â€Å"Mr Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice.† and: â€Å"Mrs Bennet was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and certain temper.† This authorial comment tells the reader exactly how to interpret the conversation they have just read, and it also presents a contrast between the two books: as Dickens uses pathos to make the reader pity Pip, Austen makes no attempt to make her central characters likeable. Finally both authors use binary opposition to emphasize the attributes of the different characters. For example in Great Expectations, Dickens contrasts the young, innocent Pip against the old and experienced nature of the escaped convict. When Pip meets the old man he lets his fearful imagination take hold of him: â€Å"‘O! Don’t cut my throat sir,'† I plead in terror. ‘Pray don’t do it, sir.'† which shows just how little understanding of the world Pip has. In Pride and Prejudice Mr Bennet’s mildly sarcastic statements are lost on Mrs Bennet, who’s over enthusiasm makes her oblivious to Mr Bennet’s mocking tone: â€Å"Mr Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion on my poor nerves.† The disparity between them is amusing, but it is also ironic, as the reader’s first view of marriage in a novel about finding marital happiness is one of a mismatc hed couple that cannot communicate.